The Power Struggle at the Occidental Child Development Essay -- Ethnog

The Power Struggle at the Occidental Child DevelopmentI have a bun in the oven conducted ethnographic research at the Occidental Child Development Center where I have spent many hours participating and observing with the children of the center field. I am not an outsider to this center, because I have been working with this particular bunch of children for a year, so I am well accepted when I asked to join in the games with the children. The center has a total 45 pre schoolhouse students aging from 2-5 years old and seven staff members and five student workers. Throughout my research the director, teachers, and my fellow student workers attended me at all times, however I have not included all 45 children and all eight staff members. I have change my research and included observations where children practice more power over other children, an example of personal historic periodncy, and an example of the family oriented atmosphere.To protect the anonymity of the children I h ave observed I have labeled the children according to their classroom and sex. In the following ethnography I refer to the Hungry Caterpillars, the Busy Bees, and the Terrific Tigers. The school is broken down into three classrooms according to the childs age and skills. The two year-olds argon the Hungry Caterpillars (HC), the three year-olds be the Busy Bees (BB), and the four year-olds are the Terrific Tigers (TT). The children are aware of their classroom names and often refer to them when addressing others or themselves. I must make a note that some of the children are held back because they lack certain skills they need before they can move onto the next classroom so I have also included the age of the children to clarify forthe reader. One might think that this affe... ...ing to the Western notion that marks children as incompetent adults. I believe it would be valuable for ethnographers to use libber methodologies to help redefine this Western notion of childhood, and give the children a chance to speak for themselves.References Chin, Elizabeth. libber Theory and the Ethnography of Childrens Worlds Barbie in New Haven, Connecticut. Gailey, Christine Ward. Feminist Methods Ch. 6 in Bernard, H. Russell Ed. Handbook of Methods In Cultural Anthropology. London A Division of Sage Pub, Inc. Leavitt, Robin. Power and Emotion in Toddler-Infant Day Care. Albany asseverate University of New York Press. 1994.Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist, Woman, Culture, and Society A Theoretical Overview, in Lamphere, Louise & Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist, Ed. Woman, Culture, and Society. Stanford CA Stanford University Press. 1974.

A Comparison of the Main Approaches to Personality Psychology Essay

A Comparison of the Main Approaches to Personality psychological science Psychology of nature is a hard-fought concept to define and quantify, therefore most personality theories, however different they may be in other respects, share the basic assumption, that personality is a particular pattern of behaviour and thinking, that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another. Most theories attempting to explain personality represent part of the classic psychological reputation verse Nurture debate. In other words, is personality inherited, or developed through our interactions with the environment. In addition, we shall compare and contrast two of the main approaches to personality psychology by concentrating on Psychoanalytical Theory (Freud) and Social Learning Theory (Bandura). By looking at the Psychodynamic approach, developed by Freud, we can advocate that it emphasizes the interplay of unconscious psychological pr ocesses in determining human thought, feelings, and behaviours. The basis of this approach is that psychological factors play a major role in determining behaviour and shaping personality. Freud argued that personality is composed of three major systems the id, the ego, and the superego. The id (biological part of personality) is present at birth and consists of inherited instincts and all psychological energies. The id operates according to the pleasure principle, want to reduce tension, avoid pain and obtain pleasure. The ego (executive part of personality) is conscious part of the mind, the real us. The function of the ego is to express and satisfy the desires of the id in conformance wit... ...ogist, 33, 344-358t Bandura, A. (1982). Self- efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 33, 334-358 Mischel, W. (1984). Convergence and challenges in the search for consistency. American Psychologist, 39, 351-364 Rotter, J. B. (1966) Social learning and Clinical Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Practice planetary house Rotter, J.B. (1966) Generalized expectancies for internal verse external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1, Whole No. 609) Alfred, A. (1927) The practice and theory of individual Psychology. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Carlson, R. Neil and Martin, Neil, and Buskit, W. (2004) Psychology (2nd European edition). Essex Pearson Education Limited Gross, R (1996).Psychology, The Science of mind and behaviour (3rd Ed). London Hodder & Stoughton

My Journey to become a Teacher :: essays papers

My Journey to become a TeacherDear New Roommate, It is hard for me to describe myself to you in simple words. I can tell you that I am an energetic and compassionate person, but what does that tell you? I would rather show you who I am by telling you what my hopes and dreams are, what the driving force in my life is, and this will lead you to run across who I really am, as a person. Only when you get to know these things about me is when you really start to understand what type of person I really am, not just the fact that I am a blond twenty-two-year-old that wants to be a teacher. To make the residuum in the lives of children is such an important goal to me. I remember when I was in elementary school, I adored my teachers, they were the world to me. I always matt-up special and successful because of the love, support and knowledge that my elementary teachers gave to me. I long to give spur to children what I was so lucky to receive from my teachers as a child. This has been a ma jor factor in my strive to become an elementary school teacher. By giving children the love, support and education they need, they have a greater chance of living a solid, stable and productive life. What is most important to remember is that children are our future. My journey to become a teacher started as advance(prenominal) as Junior High. I started baby-sitting the children in my neighborhood when I was in seventh grade. I loved spending time with children, and by the time I was in high-school, I had many permanent baby-sitting jobs throughout Ojai, the small town we live in. Even when I moved away to San Luis Obispo, to go to college, I never gave up caring for children. I quickly found a nanny job watching two young girls while I was in San Luis Obispo, which I kept for two years. Although these were only small side jobs, they meant much more. I spent hours outside of work going to school plays, soccer games, and dance recitals of the motley children that I baby-sat. The re al motivation to become a teacher came to me when I started working at a Christian preschool and daycare when I moved back to Ojai.

Free Essays - A Raisin in the Sun :: Raisin Sun essays

A Raisin in the Sun is set at in an area where racism was bland occurring. Blacks were no longer separated but they were still facing many racial problems. The black Younger family faced these problems throughout the play. The entire family was affected in their own way. The family has big dreams and hope to make more(prenominal) of their poor lives. Walter, the main character, is forced to deal with most of the issues himself. Ruth, his wife, and Travis, his ten-year-old son, re in ally dont have say in matters that he sets his mind to. Beneatha, his sister tries to push her word in but is often ignored. Lena (Mama) is Walters mother and is very concerned near her family. She tries to keep things held together despite all of the happenings. Mamas husband had just recently died so times seemed to be even harder. They all live in a small apartment when living quadruplet is very confined (Hansberry 1731). They all have dreams in which they are trying to obtain, but other members o f the family seem to hold back each other from obtaining them (Decker). Walter has a steady, but low paying job and wishes that he could do more for his family. The money he makes hardly provides enough for his family to survive. He is constantly thinking about get rich quick schemes to insure a better life. He doesnt want to be a poor back man all of his life and wishes that he could fit in with rich whites. He doesnt realize that people wont give him the same opportunities, as they would if he were white (Decker). Walter feels that he needs to provide more for his family and starts to ask around on how to make some money. He gets the idea of opening up a liquor store and has his heart set on it. Because he wants to please everybody he loses his better judgment and acts without thinking of the long-term effects. He is ready for a change and feels the store will bring his family a better life (Hyzak). Mama, a job? I open and close car doors all daytime long. I drive a man around in his Limousine and say, Yes, sir no, sir very good sir shall I take the drive, sir? Mama, that aint no liberal of job ... that aint nothing at all ( Hansberry 1755).

What Leadership Means Essay -- Leadership Leaders Management Essays

What leading Means drawship is the behaviour of an individual when he is direct theactivities of a conclave towards a sh bed goal. (Hemphill and Coons,1957, p.7)A leader is interpreted as someone who check offs direction in an effort andinfluences people to follow that direction. How they set thatdirection and influence people depends on a signifier of factors. Tore entirelyy comprehend the territory of leaders, one should brieflyscan some of the major theories, notice confused styles of leadingand review some of the suggested traits and characteristics thatleaders should have.There are many lead theories. Arthur G. Jago (1982) proposed aframework that organizes leadership theories based on each theorys emphasis and antenna.direction refers to whether leadership is viewed as a set of traits oras a set of actions.Focus on Traits Theories with such a focus overhear leaders as havingcertain innate or inbuilt personality traits that distinguish themfrom non-leaders. These pe rsonality traits are supposed to berelatively stable and enduring.Focus on Behaviour Theories with this type of focus see leadership asobservable actions of the leader instead of personality traits.Approach is concerned with whether a fussy theory or model ofleadership takes a ecumenical or a contingent perspective.Universal Approach This approach believes that there is a comprehensiveformula of traits or behaviour for an effective leader. In early(a)words, the universal approach assumes that there is one best way tolead in all situations.Contingent Approach Contrary to the universal approach, thecontingent approach does not believe the one best way formula. Itbelieves that effective leadership depends on the item situation.I am going to analyse two theories in detail, which according to meappear contradictory are Blake and Mouton?s managerial Grid conjecture(1978) on a lower floor the head behaviour theories and Fiedler?s Contingencytheories under the head contingencies theo ry.Behavioural TheoriesFor over 20 years, a major thrust in leadership research has focusedon the various behavioural patterns or styles used by differentleaders and the functions fulfilled by these individuals. Thisresearch examined the impact that leadership behaviour had on theperformance and satisfaction of followers. From... ... totally group ortask-oriented group members and the situation itself, all influence aleaders effectiveness. The leader inevitably to be aware of his ownbehaviour and influence on others, individual differences of groupmembers, group characteristics, task structure, environmental andsituational variables, and adjust his leadership style accordingly.Leadership needs to be adaptive.Organizations have changed over the past some(prenominal) decades with regardto the structuring of work methods and processes. Moving away from thetraditional hierarchical design, most organizations are developflatter, leaner structures that support a more empowered, team-ba sedworkforce. The nature of leadership has also changed significantlyover time.ReferencesGary A. Yukl, (2002) Leadership In Organizations, Prentice-HallInternational Edition, 2nd Edition,Peter L. Wright, (1996) Managerial Leadership, Routledge, 1st Edition,Bittel L. R., The McGraw-Hill 36 ?hour Management Course,(McGraw-Hill, 1989),Fred E. Fiedler, (1987), A system Of Leadership Effectiveness,McGraw-Hill, 1st EditionBlake, R. R. and Mouton, J. S. (1978) The New Managerial Grid, HoustonTX What Leadership Means Essay -- Leadership Leaders Management EssaysWhat Leadership MeansLeadership is the behaviour of an individual when he is directing theactivities of a group towards a shared goal. (Hemphill and Coons,1957, p.7)A leader is interpreted as someone who sets direction in an effort andinfluences people to follow that direction. How they set thatdirection and influence people depends on a variety of factors. Toreally comprehend the territory of leadership, one should brieflyscan some of the major theories, notice various styles of leadershipand review some of the suggested traits and characteristics thatleaders should have.There are many leadership theories. Arthur G. Jago (1982) proposed aframework that organizes leadership theories based on each theorysfocus and approach.Focus refers to whether leadership is viewed as a set of traits oras a set of actions.Focus on Traits Theories with such a focus see leaders as havingcertain innate or inherent personality traits that distinguish themfrom non-leaders. These personality traits are supposed to berelatively stable and enduring.Focus on Behaviour Theories with this type of focus see leadership asobservable actions of the leader instead of personality traits.Approach is concerned with whether a particular theory or model ofleadership takes a universal or a contingent perspective.Universal Approach This approach believes that there is a universalformula of traits or behaviour for an effective leader . In otherwords, the universal approach assumes that there is one best way tolead in all situations.Contingent Approach Contrary to the universal approach, thecontingent approach does not believe the one best way formula. Itbelieves that effective leadership depends on the specific situation.I am going to analyse two theories in detail, which according to meappear contradictory are Blake and Mouton?s Managerial Grid Theory(1978) under the head behaviour theories and Fiedler?s Contingencytheories under the head contingencies theory.Behavioural TheoriesFor over 20 years, a major thrust in leadership research has focusedon the various behavioural patterns or styles used by differentleaders and the functions fulfilled by these individuals. Thisresearch examined the impact that leadership behaviour had on theperformance and satisfaction of followers. From... ... totally group ortask-oriented group members and the situation itself, all influence aleaders effectiveness. The leader needs t o be aware of his ownbehaviour and influence on others, individual differences of groupmembers, group characteristics, task structure, environmental andsituational variables, and adjust his leadership style accordingly.Leadership needs to be adaptive.Organizations have changed over the past several decades with regardto the structuring of work methods and processes. Moving away from thetraditional hierarchical design, most organizations are developingflatter, leaner structures that support a more empowered, team-basedworkforce. The nature of leadership has also changed significantlyover time.ReferencesGary A. Yukl, (2002) Leadership In Organizations, Prentice-HallInternational Edition, 2nd Edition,Peter L. Wright, (1996) Managerial Leadership, Routledge, 1st Edition,Bittel L. R., The McGraw-Hill 36 ?hour Management Course,(McGraw-Hill, 1989),Fred E. Fiedler, (1987), A Theory Of Leadership Effectiveness,McGraw-Hill, 1st EditionBlake, R. R. and Mouton, J. S. (1978) The New Managerial Grid, HoustonTX

What Leadership Means Essay -- Leadership Leaders Management Essays

What pourboireing MeansLeadership is the behaviour of an several(prenominal) when he is directing theactivities of a group towards a shared goal. (Hemphill and Coons,1957, p.7)A leader is interpret as someone who sets direction in an effort andinfluences battalion to follow that direction. How they set thatdirection and influence people depends on a variety of factors. To actually comprehend the territory of leadership, one should brieflyscan some of the study theories, notice various styles of leadershipand review some of the suggested traits and characteristics thatleaders should have.There are many leadership theories. Arthur G. Jago (1982) proposed aframework that organizes leadership theories based on each theorysfocus and approach.Focus refers to whether leadership is viewed as a set of traits oras a set of actions.Focus on Traits Theories with such a focus see leaders as havingcertain innate or inherent record traits that distinguish themfrom non-leaders. These person ality traits are supposed to becomparatively stable and enduring.Focus on Behaviour Theories with this type of focus see leadership asobservable actions of the leader instead of personality traits.Approach is come to with whether a particular theory or model ofleadership takes a frequent or a contingent perspective.Universal Approach This approach believes that there is a universalformula of traits or behaviour for an effective leader. In otherwords, the universal approach assumes that there is one best way tolead in all situations.Contingent Approach Contrary to the universal approach, thecontingent approach does not believe the one best way formula. Itbelieves that effective leadership depends on the specific situation.I am going to analyse two theories in detail, which gibe to meappear contradictory are Blake and Mouton?s managerial Grid Theory(1978) under the interrogation behaviour theories and Fiedler?s Contingencytheories under the head contingencies theory.Behavioural T heoriesFor over 20 years, a major ride in leadership look for has foc utiliseon the various behavioural patterns or styles used by differentleaders and the functions fulfilled by these item-by-items. Thisresearch examined the impact that leadership behaviour had on theperformance and satisfaction of followers. From... ... totally group ortask-oriented group members and the situation itself, all influence aleaders effectiveness. The leader needs to be aware of his ownbehaviour and influence on others, individual differences of groupmembers, group characteristics, task structure, environmental andsituational variables, and adjust his leadership style accordingly.Leadership needs to be adaptive.Organizations have changed over the past several decades with count onto the structuring of work methods and processes. Moving away from thetraditional hierarchical design, well-nigh organizations are developingflatter, leaner structures that support a more empowered, team-basedworkforce. The nature of leadership has overly changed significantlyover time.ReferencesGary A. Yukl, (2002) Leadership In Organizations, Prentice-HallInternational Edition, second Edition,Peter L. Wright, (1996) Managerial Leadership, Routledge, 1st Edition,Bittel L. R., The McGraw-Hill 36 ?hour Management Course,(McGraw-Hill, 1989),Fred E. Fiedler, (1987), A Theory Of Leadership Effectiveness,McGraw-Hill, 1st EditionBlake, R. R. and Mouton, J. S. (1978) The New Managerial Grid, HoustonTX What Leadership Means Essay -- Leadership Leaders Management EssaysWhat Leadership MeansLeadership is the behaviour of an individual when he is directing theactivities of a group towards a shared goal. (Hemphill and Coons,1957, p.7)A leader is interpreted as someone who sets direction in an effort andinfluences people to follow that direction. How they set thatdirection and influence people depends on a variety of factors. Toreally comprehend the territory of leadership, one should brieflysc an some of the major theories, notice various styles of leadershipand review some of the suggested traits and characteristics thatleaders should have.There are many leadership theories. Arthur G. Jago (1982) proposed aframework that organizes leadership theories based on each theorysfocus and approach.Focus refers to whether leadership is viewed as a set of traits oras a set of actions.Focus on Traits Theories with such a focus see leaders as havingcertain innate or inherent personality traits that distinguish themfrom non-leaders. These personality traits are supposed to berelatively stable and enduring.Focus on Behaviour Theories with this type of focus see leadership asobservable actions of the leader instead of personality traits.Approach is concerned with whether a particular theory or model ofleadership takes a universal or a contingent perspective.Universal Approach This approach believes that there is a universalformula of traits or behaviour for an effective leader. In othe rwords, the universal approach assumes that there is one best way tolead in all situations.Contingent Approach Contrary to the universal approach, thecontingent approach does not believe the one best way formula. Itbelieves that effective leadership depends on the specific situation.I am going to analyse two theories in detail, which according to meappear contradictory are Blake and Mouton?s Managerial Grid Theory(1978) under the head behaviour theories and Fiedler?s Contingencytheories under the head contingencies theory.Behavioural TheoriesFor over 20 years, a major thrust in leadership research has focusedon the various behavioural patterns or styles used by differentleaders and the functions fulfilled by these individuals. Thisresearch examined the impact that leadership behaviour had on theperformance and satisfaction of followers. From... ... totally group ortask-oriented group members and the situation itself, all influence aleaders effectiveness. The leader needs to be awar e of his ownbehaviour and influence on others, individual differences of groupmembers, group characteristics, task structure, environmental andsituational variables, and adjust his leadership style accordingly.Leadership needs to be adaptive.Organizations have changed over the past several decades with regardto the structuring of work methods and processes. Moving away from thetraditional hierarchical design, most organizations are developingflatter, leaner structures that support a more empowered, team-basedworkforce. The nature of leadership has also changed significantlyover time.ReferencesGary A. Yukl, (2002) Leadership In Organizations, Prentice-HallInternational Edition, 2nd Edition,Peter L. Wright, (1996) Managerial Leadership, Routledge, 1st Edition,Bittel L. R., The McGraw-Hill 36 ?hour Management Course,(McGraw-Hill, 1989),Fred E. Fiedler, (1987), A Theory Of Leadership Effectiveness,McGraw-Hill, 1st EditionBlake, R. R. and Mouton, J. S. (1978) The New Managerial Grid, Hou stonTX